辽宁省人民代表大会常务委员会关于在省属大型劳改、劳教场所设置人民检察院的决议

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The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


STANDARDIZATION LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA


(Adopted at the Fifth Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on December 29, 1988, promulgated by
Order No. 11 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
December 29, 1988, and effective as of April 1, 1989)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to developing the socialist commodity
economy, promoting technical progress, improving product quality,
increasing social and economic benefits, safeguarding the interests of the
State and the people and suiting standardization to the needs in socialist
modernization and in the development of economic relations with foreign
countries.
Article 2
Standards shall be formulated for the following technical requirements
that need to be unified:
(1) the varieties, specifications, quality and grades of industrial
products as well as the safety and sanitary requirements for them;
(2) the design, production, inspection, packing, storage, transportation
and methods of operation of industrial products as well as the safety and
sanitary requirements for them in the process of production, storage and
transportation;
(3) technical requirements and testing methods related to environmental
protection;
(4) the designs, construction procedure and safety requirements for
construction projects; and
(5) technical terms, symbols, code names and drawing methods related to
industrial production, project construction and environmental protection.
Major agricultural products and other items that need to be standardized
shall be designated by the State Council.
Article 3
The tasks of standardization shall include the formulation of standards
and organization of and supervision over the implementation of the
standards. Standardization shall be incorporated in the plan for national
economic and social development.
Article 4
The State shall encourage the active adoption of international standards.
Article 5
The department of standardization administration under the State Council
shall be in charge of the unified administration of standardization
throughout the country. Competent administrative authorities under the
State Council shall, in line with their respective functions, be in charge
of standardization in their respective departments and trades.
The departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
in charge of the unified administration of standardization within their
respective administrative areas. Competent administrative authorities
under the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government shall, in line with their respective
functions, be in charge of standardization in their respective departments
and trades within their respective administrative areas.
The standardization administration departments and the competent
administrative authorities of cities and counties shall, in line with
their respective functions as assigned by the governments of provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government, be in charge of standardization within their respective
administrative areas.

Chapter II Formulation of Standards
Article 6
National standards shall be formulated for the technical requirements that
need to be unified nationwide. National standards shall be formulated by
the department of standardization administration under the State Council.
Where, in the absence of national standards, technical requirements for a
certain trade need to be unified, trade standards may be formulated. Trade
standards shall be formulated by competent administrative authorities
under the State Council and reported to the department of standardization
administration under the State Council for the record, and shall be
annulled on publication of the national standards. Where, in the absence
of both national and trade standards, safety and sanitary requirements for
industrial products need to be unified within a province, an autonomous
region or a municipality directly under the Central Government, local
standards may be formulated. Local standards shall be formulated by
departments of standardization administration of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and
reported to the department of standardization administration and the
competent administrative authorities under the State Council for the
record, and shall be annulled on publication of the national or trade
standards.
Where, in the absence of both national and trade standards for products
manufactured by an enterprise, standards for the enterprise shall be
formulated to serve as the criteria for the organization of production. An
enterprise's standards for its products shall be reported to the
standardization administration department and the competent administrative
authorities under the local government for the record. Where national or
trade standards have been formulated, the State shall encourage
enterprises to formulate their enterprise standards, which are more
stringent than the national or trade standards, to be used in these
enterprises.
Where the formulation of standards is otherwise provided for by law, such
legal provisions shall be complied with.
Article 7
National standards and trade standards shall be classified into compulsory
standards and voluntary standards. Those for safeguarding human health and
ensuring the safety of the person and of property and those for compulsory
execution as prescribed by the laws and administrative rules and
regulations shall be compulsory standards, the others shall be voluntary
standards.
The local standards formulated by standardization administration
departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly
under the Central Government for the safety and sanitary requirements of
industrial products shall be compulsory standards within their respective
administrative areas.
Article 8
The formulation of standards shall be conducive to ensuring safety and the
people's health, safeguarding consumer interests and protecting the
environment.
Article 9
The standards to be formulated shall be conducive to a rational use of the
country's resources, a wider utilization of scientific and technological
gains and the enhancement of economic returns, conform to operation
instructions, increase the universality and interchangeability of
products, and be technologically advanced and economically rational.
Article 10
The standards to be formulated shall be coordinated with and supported by
related standards.
Article 11
The standards to be formulated shall help promote economic and
technological cooperation with foreign countries and foreign trade.
Article 12
The roles of trade associations, scientific research institutions and
academic organizations shall be brought into play in the formulation of
standards. A department engaged in the formulation of standards shall
organize a committee on standardization technology composed of
specialists, which shall be responsible for the drafting of the standards
and shall participate in the examination of the draft standards.
Article 13
After the standards come into force, the department that formulated them
shall, in the light of scientific and technological developments and the
needs in economic construction, make timely reviews of the current
standards to determine if they are to remain effective or are to be
revised or annulled.

Chapter III Implementation of Standards
Article 14
Compulsory standards must be complied with. It shall be prohibited to
produce, sell or import products that are not up to the compulsory
standards. With regard to voluntary standards, the State shall encourage
their adoption by enterprises on an optional basis.
Article 15
With respect to products for which national or trade standards have been
formulated, enterprises may apply to the standardization administration
department under the State Council or agencies authorized by the same
department for product quality authentication. For products which are
authenticated to conform to the standards, certificates shall be issued by
the department that made the authentication and the use of the prescribed
authentication marks shall be permitted on such products and the packing
thereof.
If products for which authentication certificates have been granted do not
conform to national or trade standards, or if products have not undergone
authentication or found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, no authentication marks shall be permitted for use on such
products leaving factories for sale.
Article 16
Technical requirements for export products shall comply with contractual
provisions.
Article 17
The development of new products, improvement of products or technical
renovation by an enterprise shall conform to standardization requirements.
Article 18
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level shall be responsible for supervision over and
inspection of the implementation of the standards.
Article 19
Departments of standardization administration under governments at or
above the county level may, in accordance with needs, establish inspection
organizations or authorize inspection organizations of other units to
examine whether products conform to the standards. Where the laws and
administrative rules and regulations provide otherwise on inspection
organizations, such provisions shall apply.
Disputes over whether a product conforms to the standards shall be handled
in accordance with the inspection data provided by the inspection
organizations as specified in the preceding paragraph.

Chapter IV Legal Responsibility
Article 20
Whoever produces, sells or imports products that do not conform to the
compulsory standards shall be dealt with according to law by the competent
administrative authorities as prescribed by the laws and administrative
rules and regulations. In the absence of such prescriptions, his products
and unlawful proceeds shall be confiscated and he shall be concurrently
fined by the administrative authorities for industry and commerce; where
serious consequences are caused and crimes are constituted, the person
directly responsible shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in
accordance with the law.
Article 21
Where authentication marks are used on products leaving a factory for
sale, for which authentication certificates have been issued but which do
not conform to national or trade standards, the enterprise concerned shall
be ordered by the department of standardization administration to stop the
sale and shall be fined concurrently; where the circumstances are serious,
the authentication certificates shall be revoked by the department that
made the authentication.
Article 22
Whoever uses authentication marks, without authorization, on products
leaving a factory for sale, which have not undergone authentication or
have been found not up to the standards after the authentication
proceedings, shall be ordered by the department of standardization
administration to stop the sale and shall concurrently be fined.
Article 23
A party which refuses to accept the punishment of confiscation of its
products and of its unlawful proceeds and a fine may, within 15 days of
receiving the penalty notice, apply for reconsideration to the office
immediately above the one that made the punishment decision; a party which
refuses to obey the reconsideration decision may, within 15 days of
receiving the reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's
court. The party also may, within 15 days of receiving the penalty notice,
directly bring a suit before a people's court. If a party neither applies
for reconsideration nor brings a suit before a people's court within the
prescribed time nor complies with the punishment decision, the office that
made the punishment decision shall apply to a people's court for
compulsory execution.
Article 24
Personnel responsible for the supervision, inspection and administration
of standardization who violate the law or neglect their duties, or are
engaged in malpractices for personal gains, shall be given disciplinary
sanctions; where crimes are constituted, their criminal responsibility
shall be investigated in accordance with the law.

Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 25
Rules for the implementation of this Law shall be formulated by the State
Council.
Article 26
This Law shall go into effect as of April 1, 1989.


Important Notice:
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.


试论我国民事诉讼和解制度的改革

陈继兰


　　民事诉讼中的和解，是指民事案件在立案后、判决前的诉讼过程中，双方当事人通过自愿平等协商，达成协议，以解决民事争议，终结诉讼活动。与“当事人对抗型”的判决结案方式不同，和解及调解均为“当事人合作型”的结案方式。在欧美国家民事诉讼中，当事人和解特别是庭前达成和解的比率较高，成为终结诉讼的主要方式。而我国的状况是，当事人达成和解的比率相当低，而经法官调解达成协议的比率较高，与此相联系的是对改革完善我国民事诉讼调解制度进行探讨的文章较多，而对和解制度进行研究的文章少见。审判实践中，由于一些法院片面追求调解率，出现了法官以判压调、“和稀泥”无原则调解甚至久调不决等现象，使得理论界和实务界开始对调解制度的不足进行探讨。笔者认为，对诉讼中的和解及调解这两种制度应当同样给予重视，而不应厚此薄彼，在坚持具有中国特色的调解制度之外，应当完善和解制度作为补充。本文在借鉴其他国家相关法制经验的基础上，结合分析我国现行民事诉讼和解制度的缺陷，就如何对其进行改造提出若干建议。
我国现行民事诉讼和解制度的缺陷
　　我国现行民事诉讼和解制度的主要法律依据是1991年颁布的、2007年修正的《民事诉讼法》。该法第51条规定：“双方当事人可以自行和解”。但上述规定过于简单，存在以下缺陷：
1、关于和解的合意与合法之间的关系没有明确规定。如民诉法第13条规定“当事人有权在法律规定的范围内处分自己的民事权利和诉讼权利”，但又规定人民法院审理民事案件“必须以事实为根据，以法律为准绳”。当事人通过和解终止诉讼，是否必须符合“以事实为根据”和“以法律为准绳”的要求，特别是在遵循实体法和程序法方面必须达到什么程度方为合法，没有明确的规定。这给一些当事人钻法律空子留下了“余地”，司法实践中难以避免当事人可能利用“和解——撤诉”这一形式来达到规避甚至违背法律，或者损害国家、集体和他人合法权益的非法意图。民事诉讼法关于法院对当事人撤诉享有审查权的规定也相当地原则，具体到因和解而申请撤诉的问题，法院如何审查，不好掌握，造成实践中的操作随意性较大。
2、关于证据调查和交换的规定不充分，对法官在和解中的作用未作规定。考察其他国家的法律，对庭前准备程序中的证据调查和交换以及法官在诉讼和解中的作用均有较为具体的规定。而我国民事诉讼法对庭前准备程序中关于证据调查和交换的规定很不充分，造成当事人在审判前无法得到足够的诉讼信息，对双方的争点及各自的权利并不明确，也就无法真正恰当地处分自己的权利。借用博弈论的一个确证无疑的结论是，谈判者的权利愈明确，他们之间合作博弈的可能性就愈大；而谈判者的权利愈模糊，他们之间合作博弈的可能性就愈小。再有，我国民诉法对法官在当事人和解中起何作用更是未作规定，实践中法官一般是以积极调解甚至强行调解的形象出现的，而对促成、引导当事人和解基本上是消极的，有的法官还强迫或诱使当事人将和解协议转化为法院调解书的内容，违背了自愿的原则。
3、对和解协议的效力规定不合理。我国民诉法规定了调解笔录和调解书具有法律效力，而未规定和解协议具有法律效力。导致实践中，一些被告在诉讼中故意以欺诈方式与原告达成和解协议，在原告撤诉后被告又反悔不履行和解协议。由于和解协议不能作为执行的法律依据，对原告方的权利保护不够充分，使得当事人之间权利的配置不合理，积极参加和解的一方权利得不到保护和相应的司法救助，随意反悔的一方却得不到任何相应的法律制裁，无法体现法律维护公平、正义的原则。
4、缺乏对和解的监督和补救措施。实践中，有的案件双方当事人借“和解—撤诉”的途径达到了规避法律的目的，或者损害国家、集体和他人的合法权益，与法制原则相悖，理应撤销和解协议，否定其效力。但法律没有关于对和解进行事后监督的规定，出现上述情形，依靠何种途径补救，不是很明确，实践中也不好操作。
改革建议
针对上述缺陷，借鉴国外有关和解制度的法制经验，笔者对改造我国民事诉讼和解制度有如下一些具体建议：
1、确定和解适用的案件范围。并非所有民事案件都适用和解，首先，对于特别程序的案件，如宣告公民失踪或者死亡以及公示催告程序案件等，由于没有明确对立的双方当事人，因而不适用和解。其次，对严重违反国家法律的民事案件，不适用和解，否则无法对这些案件的当事人进行必要制裁，违背了立法意图。如对确认违法合同无效的案件，就必须作出判决。适用和解的案件范围应排除以下几种：〈1〉适用特别程序审理的案件；〈2〉适用公示催告程序审理的案件；〈3〉严重违反法律，侵害国家、集体或他人合法权益的案件。
2 、确立中止诉讼的和解期制度。为鼓励当事人合作，尽可能利用和解这一非对抗方式解决纠纷，可以借鉴英国和日本的做法，规定法院可以依双方当事人的申请，也可根据案件的具体情况（比如针对婚姻家庭或者相邻关系的案件）依职权决定中止诉讼一段时间，以便当事人冷静下来进行协商，达成和解。当然，为了避免诉讼迟延，和解期不宜过长，如果是双方当事人申请和解期的，简易程序中应限制为十日，普通程序中应限制为1个月；如果是法院依职权根据案件具体情况决定和解期的，简易程序中应限制为五日，普通程序中应限制为十五日。
3、设立证据调查和交换程序（或称为庭前会议制度）。证据调查和交换程序或称为庭前会议，是国外法院比较通行的做法，就是在庭审前由法院召集双方当事人及其代理人开会，对于双方即将在开庭时出示的证据预先展示、交换，以便对对方的证据及案件事实有基本了解，同时寻求以非诉讼方式解决争议的可能性，法官可以进行调解，或者引导、促成双方当事人达成和解协议。证据调查和交换程序（庭前会议）被视为双方基于事实和法律之上的一个有理有据的谈判过程，为当事人提供了和平解决争端的良好氛围。当然，为了避免审判权对当事人诉讼活动的干涉和施压，主持庭前会议的法官不得参与该案件的审理，即所谓准备法官与庭审法官的分离。
4、确认和解协议的法律效力。法律应当确认和解具有终止诉讼的效力及强制执行力，可以作为向法院申请执行的依据。具体做法可以是将双方当事人达成的和解协议内容写入准许撤诉的裁定书，并叙明“上述协议经本院审查，予以认可，并具有法律效力。”在一方当事人不履行和解协议的情况下，另一方当事人可以据此向法院申请强制执行。
5、 规范达成和解的方式。我国民诉法及相关司法解释并未规定达成和解应采用的方式。实践中常见的有和解笔录和和解协议书两种形式。一般而言，婚姻家庭类和能够即时履行的小额债务案件可以制作和解笔录，除此以外，应当由双方当事人共同签署和解协议书，提交法院审查确认。和解协议书必须是双方当事人或特别授权的代理人签署方为有效。这样有助于法院确认双方当事人的真实意思表示，并为将来申请执行提供确凿依据。
6、建立对和解协议的监督机制。如果法律确认和解是终结诉讼的一种方式，且和解协议具有等同于法院判决的效力，那么就有必要建立对和解协议的监督机制，以防止当事人通过和解规避法律，损害国家、集体和他人合法权益。具体做法是：和解协议必须经过法院审查确认方能生效；即使是当事人达成和解协议，法院准许撤诉后，检察机关、有利害关系的其他公民、法人和其他组织也可以通过抗诉或申诉，请求法院确认和解协议无效，法院也可以通过审判监督程序，依职权确认和解协议无效，对案件重新进行审理。

北安市人民法院 陈继兰