关于刑法诈骗罪的认定问题/卢荣旗
作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-13 02:55:41 浏览:8508
来源:法律资料网
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诈骗罪是指以非法占有为目的，用虚构事实或者隐瞒真相的方法，骗取数额较大的公私财物的行为。
一、诈骗罪与非罪的界限
1、诈骗罪与借贷行为的界限。借款人由于某种原因，长期拖欠不还的，或者编造谎言或隐瞒真相而骗取款物，到期不能偿还的，只要没有非法占有的目的，也没有挥霍一空，不赖帐，不再弄虚作假骗人，确实打算偿还的，仍属借贷纠纷，不构成诈骗罪。
2、诈骗罪与代人购物拖欠货款行为的界限。对以代人购买紧缺商品的名义，取走货款，没买到东西，又擅自挪用货款，拖欠不还款的行为，应着重考察其真实目的、双方的关系、事情的起因、代办人的具体行为、拖欠的情节、后果等等，从而正确判断其是否有非法占有的意图。如能明确想代人购物，因故未能买到挪用仍拟归还的，不能以诈骗罪论处。如果以代购为名，行诈骗之实，骗取大量财物，大肆挥霍，根本无意归还，也无力归还的，应以诈骗罪论处。
3、诈骗罪与集资办企业因亏损躲债的界限。如果确实是集资经商办企业，但因经营不善，亏损负债，为躲债而外出，仍属财产债务纠纷。这同诈骗犯以集资办企业为名，捞到钱财就逃之夭夭，以实现其非法占有的目的，有本质区别。
二、诈骗罪与合同诈骗罪的关系
根据刑法第266条之规定，诈骗罪是指“诈骗公私财物，数额较大”的犯罪行为，而第224条规定的合同诈骗罪是指“以非法占有为目的，在签订、履行合同过程中，使用虚构事实、隐瞒真相等欺骗手段，骗取对方当事人财物，数额较大”的犯罪行为。诈骗罪与合同诈骗罪的关系，是普通法与特别法的关系，是包容竞合的法条竞合关系，因此二者有许多共同点：诸如二者都是采取虚构事实、隐瞒真相的欺骗方法；主观上都有非法占有公私财物的故意；都侵犯了他人的财产权，骗取了公私财物等。但是依据犯罪构成的理论，诈骗罪与合同诈骗罪仍是有区别的。
一、在侵犯客体上，诈骗罪只侵犯了公私财产的所有权，是简单客体，而合同诈骗罪除了侵犯了公私财产所有权外，还侵犯了市场交易秩序和国家合同管理制度，因此侵犯的是复杂客体，这也是为什么诈骗罪属于侵犯财产的犯罪，而合同诈骗属于破坏社会市场经济秩序犯罪的原因所在。
二、在犯罪客观方面，诈骗罪主要表现在行为人采取欺骗的行为，使受害人产生错误认识而交付财产。诈骗罪的手段多种多样，不限于签订、履行合同过程中；而合同诈骗罪是行为人在签订、履行合同过程中，采取虚构事实、隐瞒真相等欺骗手段，骗取合同对方当事人财物的行为。因此合同诈骗罪的手段仅限于在签订、履行合同过程中，利用合同手段骗取公私财物。
所以区分诈骗罪与合同诈骗罪的关键在于诈骗行为是否发生在签订、履行合同过程中，利用合同的形式骗取公私财物或者财产性利益。或者说，是否是以合同这种交易的形式为名进行的，只要正确地把握什么是“合同”，那么二者的界限就很明显了。合同诈骗罪中的“合同”，应限定为符合合同法意义上的“合同”，而不能仅以有合同出现就定合同诈骗罪，该“合同”必须是真正意义上的合同。所谓真正的合同必须要符合合同法第9条规定的合同基本条款，包括合同标的、数量、质量、价款或报酬、履行期限、地点及方式、违约责任和解决争议的方法等。如果被告人的诈骗行为是发生在签订、履行合同过程中，且签订的是合同法意义上的合同，应当定性为合同诈骗罪。
（作者单位：广西百色市中级人民法院）
一、诈骗罪与非罪的界限
1、诈骗罪与借贷行为的界限。借款人由于某种原因，长期拖欠不还的，或者编造谎言或隐瞒真相而骗取款物，到期不能偿还的，只要没有非法占有的目的，也没有挥霍一空，不赖帐，不再弄虚作假骗人，确实打算偿还的，仍属借贷纠纷，不构成诈骗罪。
2、诈骗罪与代人购物拖欠货款行为的界限。对以代人购买紧缺商品的名义，取走货款，没买到东西，又擅自挪用货款，拖欠不还款的行为，应着重考察其真实目的、双方的关系、事情的起因、代办人的具体行为、拖欠的情节、后果等等，从而正确判断其是否有非法占有的意图。如能明确想代人购物，因故未能买到挪用仍拟归还的，不能以诈骗罪论处。如果以代购为名，行诈骗之实，骗取大量财物，大肆挥霍，根本无意归还，也无力归还的，应以诈骗罪论处。
3、诈骗罪与集资办企业因亏损躲债的界限。如果确实是集资经商办企业，但因经营不善，亏损负债，为躲债而外出，仍属财产债务纠纷。这同诈骗犯以集资办企业为名，捞到钱财就逃之夭夭，以实现其非法占有的目的，有本质区别。
二、诈骗罪与合同诈骗罪的关系
根据刑法第266条之规定，诈骗罪是指“诈骗公私财物，数额较大”的犯罪行为，而第224条规定的合同诈骗罪是指“以非法占有为目的，在签订、履行合同过程中，使用虚构事实、隐瞒真相等欺骗手段，骗取对方当事人财物，数额较大”的犯罪行为。诈骗罪与合同诈骗罪的关系，是普通法与特别法的关系，是包容竞合的法条竞合关系，因此二者有许多共同点：诸如二者都是采取虚构事实、隐瞒真相的欺骗方法；主观上都有非法占有公私财物的故意；都侵犯了他人的财产权，骗取了公私财物等。但是依据犯罪构成的理论，诈骗罪与合同诈骗罪仍是有区别的。
一、在侵犯客体上，诈骗罪只侵犯了公私财产的所有权，是简单客体，而合同诈骗罪除了侵犯了公私财产所有权外，还侵犯了市场交易秩序和国家合同管理制度，因此侵犯的是复杂客体，这也是为什么诈骗罪属于侵犯财产的犯罪，而合同诈骗属于破坏社会市场经济秩序犯罪的原因所在。
二、在犯罪客观方面，诈骗罪主要表现在行为人采取欺骗的行为，使受害人产生错误认识而交付财产。诈骗罪的手段多种多样，不限于签订、履行合同过程中；而合同诈骗罪是行为人在签订、履行合同过程中，采取虚构事实、隐瞒真相等欺骗手段，骗取合同对方当事人财物的行为。因此合同诈骗罪的手段仅限于在签订、履行合同过程中，利用合同手段骗取公私财物。
所以区分诈骗罪与合同诈骗罪的关键在于诈骗行为是否发生在签订、履行合同过程中，利用合同的形式骗取公私财物或者财产性利益。或者说，是否是以合同这种交易的形式为名进行的，只要正确地把握什么是“合同”，那么二者的界限就很明显了。合同诈骗罪中的“合同”，应限定为符合合同法意义上的“合同”，而不能仅以有合同出现就定合同诈骗罪，该“合同”必须是真正意义上的合同。所谓真正的合同必须要符合合同法第9条规定的合同基本条款，包括合同标的、数量、质量、价款或报酬、履行期限、地点及方式、违约责任和解决争议的方法等。如果被告人的诈骗行为是发生在签订、履行合同过程中，且签订的是合同法意义上的合同，应当定性为合同诈骗罪。
（作者单位：广西百色市中级人民法院）
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人事部 国家教委关于争取优秀留学博士回国做博士后的通知
人事部 国家教委关于争取优秀留学博士回国做博士后的通知
人事部、国家教委
近年来，在争取优秀留学博士回国做博士后方面，曾采取了一些积极措施，收到了一定的成效。但是，由于各博士后流动站招收名额有限和设立新站审批周期较长，未能完全满足留学博士回国做博士后的愿望或影响了他们及时进站从事博士后研究工作。为了进一步做好这项工作，现将
全国博士后管委会第九次会议研究决定的意见和措施通知如下：
一、各博士后流动站在完成当年招收博士后的计划名额后，如还有优秀留学博士申请进站，可不受名额限制。录用审批程序和办法仍按原规定办理，但各设站单位在报送《博士后研究人员登记表》时，应作出说明。
二、凡在国外获博士学位（目前，暂限于自然科学领域）的优秀留学生，如愿意回国做博士后研究工作，但由于流动站的专业设置和住房困难等原因难以接受时，可允许他们选择具备博士后研究条件而尚未设站的单位做博士后，并享受博士后研究人员的待遇。
申请到未设站单位做博士后的留学人员，须事先填写《留学博士回国做博士后登记表》（表格样式附后），连同博士学位证书或有关证明材料，以及两位（至少包括一位国外的）博士导师或研究课题负责人的推荐信，一起报送我驻外有关使领馆。经使领馆教育处（组）在《登记表》上
签署意见后，将《登记表》以及上述其它有关材料一起寄回全国博士后管委会办公室（人事部专家司）。由管委会办公室征询有关部门、单位意见后予以审定，并将结果答复本人。
三、各有关部门和单位，应按照博士后管理工作的有关规定，积极创造条件，做好优秀留学博士回国做博士后的工作。并请各驻外使领馆向留学博士广泛宣传本通知精神。协助国内各有关部门和单位做好选拔和推荐工作。
1989年3月23日
中外合资经营企业合营各方出资的若干规定(附英文)
中外合资经营企业合营各方出资的若干规定(附英文)
1988年1月1日，外经贸部、国家工商局
第一条 为保护中外合资经营企业（以下简称合营企业）合营各方的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》及其他有关法规，制定本规定。
第二条 合营各方按照合营合同的规定向合营企业认缴的出资，必须是合营者自己所有的现金，自己所有并且未设立任何担保物权的实物、工业产权、专有技术等。
凡是以实物、工业产权、专有技术作价出资的，出资者应当出具拥有所有权和处置权的有效证明。
第三条 合营企业任何一方不得用以合营企业名义取得的贷款、租赁的设备或者其他财产以及合营者以外的他人财产作为自己的出资，也不得以合营企业的财产和权益或者合营他方的财产和权益为其出资担保。
第四条 合营各方应当在合营合同中订明出资期限，并且应当按照合营合同规定的期限缴清各自的出资。合营企业依照有关规定发给的出资证明书应当报送原审批机关和工商行政管理机关备案。
合营合同中规定一次缴清出资的，合营各方应当从营业执照签发之日起六个月内缴清。
合营合同中规定分期缴付出资的，合营各方第一期出资，不得低于各自认缴出资额的15％，并且应当在营业执照签发之日起三个月内缴清。
第五条 合营各方未能在第四条规定的期限内缴付出资的，视同合营企业自动解散，合营企业批准证书自动失效。合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续，缴销营业执照；不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的，由工商行政管理机关吊销其营业执照，并予以公告。
第六条 合营各方缴付第一期出资后，超过合营合同规定的其他任何一期出资期限三个月，仍未出资或者出资不足时，工商行政管理机关应当会同原审批机关发出通知，要求合营各方在一个月内缴请出资。
未按照前款规定的通知期限缴清出资的，原审批机关有权撤销对该合营企业的批准证书。批准证书撤销后，合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续，缴销营业执照、并清理债权债务；不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的，工商行政管理机关有权吊销其营业执照，并予以公告。
第七条 合营一方未按照合营合同的规定如期缴付或者缴清其出资的，即■或违约。守约方应当催告违约方在一个月内缴付或者缴清出资，逾期仍未缴付或者缴清的，视同违约方放弃在合营合同中的一切权利，自动退出合营企业。守约方应当在逾期后一个月内，向原审批机关申请批准解散合营企业或者申请批准另找合营者承担违约方在合营合同中的权利和义务。守约方可以依法要求违约方赔偿因未缴付或者缴清出资造成的经济损失。
前款违约方已经按照合营合同规定缴付部分出资的，由合营企业对该出资进行清理。
守约方未按照第一款规定向原审批机关申请批准解散合营企业或者申请批准另找合营者的，审批机关有权撤销对该合营企业的批准证书。批准证书撤销后，合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续，缴销营业执照；不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的，工商行政管理机关有权吊销其营业执照，并予以公告。
第八条 本规定施行之日前已领取营业执照的合营企业，如合营各方或者任何一方未按照合营合同规定的出资期限缴付其出资的，应当在本规定施行之日起两个月内缴清按照合同规定应当缴付的出资。
在前款规定的期限内仍未缴清其出资的，可按照本规定第五条至第七条的规定办理。
第九条 在本规定施行之日前已领取营业执照的合营企业，如果合营各方未在合营合同中订明各自出资期限，并且未缴清出资的，合营各方应当在本规定施行之日起两个月内，按照本规定签订关于合营各方缴付出资期限的合营合同补充协议，报原审批机关审批，获准后，向工商行政管理机关备案。
前款合营各方在两个月内未签订缴付出资期限补充协议，又未缴清出资，致使合营企业自营业执照签发之日起无法筹建或者无法开业满六个月的，原审批机关有权撤销对该合营企业的批准证书。批准证书撤销后，合营企业应当向工商行政管理机关办理注销登记手续，缴销营业执照；不办理注销登记手续和缴销营业执照的，工商行政管理机关有权吊销其营业执照，并予以公告。
第十条 中外合作经营企业合作各方的出资参照本规定执行。
第十一条 本规定自一九八八年三月一日起施行。
Provisions for the Contribution of Capital by Parties to JointVentures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment
(Approved by State Council on December 30, 1987 Promulgated byMinistry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade and State Administrationof Industry and Commerce)
Whole Doc.
Article 1
In accordance with The Law of the People's Republic of China on Joint
Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment and other relevant laws and
regulations, these Provisions are hereby formulated in order to protect
the legitimate rights and interests of parties to joint ventures using
Chinese and foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as joint venture)
and safeguard social economic order
Article 2
Capital put up for the joint venture shall, according to the
provisions of the joint venture contracts, be cash owned by the joint
venture partners, or contributions made in kind which have not been used
as security for guarantee purposes, industrial property and patent
technology.
In case of making contribution in kind or using industrial property
and patented technology as capital, the joint venture partners shall
provide proofs showing their ownership and right of disposition.
Article 3
No joint venture partner shall use loans, leasehold equipment and
other property obtained in the name of the joint venture as its investment
to the joint venture. No joint venture partner is allowed to use property
and equity of the joint venture or property and equity belonged to another
joint venture partner as guarantee for the capital it put up for the joint
venture.
Article 4
Joint venture partners shall agree in the joint venture contract a
time schedule that each partner should follow in putting up their capital
for the joint venture. In accordance with the relevant regulations, the
joint venture shall issue the contribution certificates to the joint
venture partners and the certificates shall be submitted to the original
examination and approval authority and the administration of industry and
commerce for the record.
In case the joint venture contract stipulates that contribution of
capital shall be made in one single installment, all partners to the joint
venture shall do so within six months upon the issuance of the joint
venture's business license.
In case the joint venture contract stipulates that contribution of
capital shall be made in several separate installments, the first
installment from each joint venture partner shall not be less than 15% of
their respective agreed amounts of contribution. All joint venture
partners shall put up their required amounts of capital for the first
installment within three months upon issuance of the joint venture's
business license.
Article 5
If all partners to a joint venture have failed to put up their
required amounts of capital according to the time schedule stipulated in
Article 4, the joint venture shall be considered as dissolved voluntarily.
The joint venture's approval certificate shall automatically become
invalid. The joint venture should go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. For those who
fail to do so, the administration of industry and commerce shall have the
right to revoke their business licenses and make a public announcement to
that effect.
Article 6
After the first installment, in case all joint venture partners to a
joint venture have failed, either in part or in full, to put up their
required amounts of capital in a period as long as three months after the
time schedule stipulated in the joint venture contract, the administration
of industry and commerce shall, together with the original examination and
approval authority, issue a notice requiring all the joint venture
partners to put up their capital contributions within one month.
If the parties concerned still fail to put up the required amount of
capital after the time period stipulated in the notice mentioned in the
above paragraph, the original examination and approval authority shall
have the right to revoke the joint venture's approval certificate. After
the revocation, the joint venture shall go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. The joint
venture shall also settle its credits and debts. The administration of
industry and commerce shall have the right to revoke the business license
of a joint venture and make public announcement to that effect if the
joint venture has failed to go through the formalities for nullifying the
registration and hand in its business license for cancellation as
required.
Article 7
A joint venture partner will be considered "breaching the contract"
if it has failed to put up or contribute fully its required capitals
according to the agreed time schedule in the joint venture contract. The
other joint venture partner(s) which has fulfilled the contribution
obligation shall then inform and urge the breaching party to fulfill its
obligation within an one-month period. If the breaching party still fails
to fulfill the capital contribution obligations, the breaching party will
be considered "voluntarily withdrawing" from the joint venture and
"voluntarily surrendering" all its rights to the joint venture. The
abiding party shall then apply to the original examination and approval
authority to either dissolve the joint venture or to look for another
joint venture partner to undertake the obligations and rights of the
breaching party as provided in the original joint venture contract. The
abiding party shall have the right to make claim for compensation as a
result of the breaching party's failure to fulfill its capital
contribution obligations.
The partial contribution made by the breaching party according to the
joint venture contract shall be settled or liquidated by the joint
venture.
In case the abiding party has failed to apply according to the first
paragraph of Article 7 to the original examination and approval authority
for dissolving the joint venture or to look for a new joint venture
partner, the original examination and approval authority shall have the
right to revoke the approval certificate of the joint venture. After the
revocation, the joint venture shall go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. For those who
fail to do so, the administration of industry and commerce shall have the
right to revoke their business licenses and make a public announcement to
that effect.
Article 8
Joint venture partners (all or an individual party) of any joint
venture which has obtained its business license prior to the
implementation of the present set of Provisions are required to fulfill
their capital contribution obligations within a two-month period starting
from the date of implementation of the present set of Provisions if they
have not done so as required in the time schedule agreed in the joint
venture contract.
If a joint venture partner has not fulfilled its capital contribution
obligations as required in the above paragraph, provisions contained in
Article 5, Article 6 and Article 7 of the present set of Provisions shall
apply.
Article 9
Joint venture partners of any joint venture which has obtained its
business license prior to the implementation of the present set of
Provisions shall sign an additional agreement specifying the time limit
for capital contribution according to requirements of the present set of
Provisions within a two-month period starting from the date of
implementation of the present set of Provisions if the original joint
venture contract does not contain an item to that effect and they have not
put up the required amounts of capital accordingly. The additional
agreement shall be submitted to the original examination and approval
authority for approval. If approval is granted, the additional agreement
shall be submitted to the administration of industry and commerce for the
record.
The original examination and approval authority shall have the right
to revoke a joint venture approval certificate in case the joint venture
partners have failed to sign an additional agreement and put up the
required amounts of contribution within the two-month period as mentioned
in the above paragraph and their failure has caused a delay in
construction or operation of the joint venture for as long as six months
starting from the date of issuance of its business license. After the
revocation, the joint venture shall go through the formalities for
nullifying the registration and hand in its business license to the
administration of industry and commerce for cancellation. For those who
fail to do so, the administration of industry and commerce shall have the
right to revoke their business licenses and make a public announcement to
that effect.
Article 10
Matters concerning the contribution of capital by parties to
Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures shall be handled with reference
to the present set of Provisions.
Article 11
The present set of Provisions shall enter into force on March 1,
1988.
